Components of Effective Teamwork

Components of Effective Teamwork There are many components of effective teamwork such as communication, cohesiveness, commitment and collaboration among members to confronting problems directly, coordinating efforts, managing conflict and making decision via consensus, which requires some time compromisation (Heineman,1994). According to Zander,1994,team goal are desirable state of affair members intend to bring about through combined effort. A clear understanding of groups objective through well-articulated goals is the most common characteristic of successful team (Larson and LaFasto, 1996).The team member had never been together before the assignment given. The team established a common purpose that is decided to complete the given task with the allocated time. The team member was randomly selected and joined together, the members undergo the 5 stages Tuckman theory, accomplishing group assignment.In every team, there are team composition needed for a team to work well. According to Guzzo Dickson (1996), composi tion refer to the nature and attributes of team members.Whereas there are large and small groups or team within organization, the important point the composition of the groups or teams. According to Hackman, 1987 the effective team need members who have relevant expertise, interpersonal skills and moderate differences in their background. In a way, there is no point of including many people into a team or group if they do not have complementary relevant skills to contribute to teams goals. Other than that, in many group or team, what generally happen is that individual get appointed onto team where they feel they are wasting their time in the meeting rather than being a contributing member. Thus, it is imperative that a team has combination of the right mix of workforce, expertise right people skills. In discussion of the group assignment, there are different value embed in three main ethics in this group(Malays, Chinese and Indians) including non-assertive, good manners, cooperati on and harmony; trust and relationship building. These values will to some extent influence group norms and cohesiveness (Abdullah and Low, 2001). Apart from that, it is imperative that members understand their roles in their teams or groups. Roles are expected behavior pattern attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit (Robbin Judge, 2007).There are many roles that member that members can play within their team or group. According to Margerison and McCann (1990), there are nine roles commonly played by group. Robbin and Judge nine roles include Linker, Creator, Promoter, Assessor, Organizer, Producer, Controller, Maintainer and the Advisor. Each team role has particular strengths wan weakness which is essential for team member to identify themselves and more importantly they need to match the roles with their skills and preference for compensating each other weakness with their strength. Moreover, cohesiveness will bring about positive effect to satisfaction and communication. In teamwork context, it is important that all team members build cohesiveness through understanding and respects of each others roles and contribution trying to accomplish the group task and goals. People who are part of cohesiveness groups are more satisfied than are member of non-cohesive group(Hackman1992).Group cohesion also helps to reduce stress because members are supportive to each other .Effective team work have norms that support high quality performance and a level of group cohesiveness that provide social support to its members. Effective leaders are those who personal qualities enable them to articulate a vision for a given group. It is therefore important that the leader, by his [or her] behavior manifest a loyalty to the needs and aspiration of group members. These things must matter to him [or her] in ways that to view because such evidence of good faith sincere accessible serve to elicit greater acceptance of influence. ( Hollander,1964,pg231;). In addition, Hollander found that, In order the group to function as effectively as possible, the leader needs to be attuned to the need of followers, the perception and expectancies,(1995,pg75).In other words, when followers trust a leader, theyre willing to be subjected to the leader actions, for they are convinced that their rights and interest will not be neglected. Besides effective leadership, an affective membership is also important to achieve successful teamwork. Team membership performs its task then is better able to perform the next task assigned to it. The main reason in forming a team is to complete given task. Not only that, it is also helping maintain good social relations, promotes its members personal and professional development. Therefore, it is essential for member require the right type of people, good internal group process and understand team dynamic to work towards a common goal. This is the social relations, group maintenance, or viability aspect of teamwork (Sundstorm, 1990).For creating effective membership, there is necessary diversity of knowledge and skills. Management teams with members of different backgrounds are more innovative that homogenous team. (Guzzo and Dickson, 1996)

Multi-Perspective Approach to Understanding Organization Essay

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multi-perspective approach to understanding organization? In answering the question you will need to engage with the nature of the various perspectives and how they enable and limit our understanding of organization. There are different ways in how people produce different knowledge and thus many people have come out with their own concepts and theories. This results in multiple perspectives that help to generate idea about different organization and organizing. The more knowledge of multiple perspectives, concepts and theories, the greater will be your capacity to choose a better approach with regards to the problems faced in your current company. Multi perspective is created as belief, assumptions and knowledge of the world influence how researchers carry out their research and manage their organization. What you do is to assume which approach does best for your industries and organization and for that you design and amend accordingly to be the best way to of optimizing man power and profit. The benefits of a multi-perspective approach would be (cited from page 11) multiple perspectives will also help organization embrace complexity and uncertainty and their contradictory demands. Managers and employees now are expected to do more with less, to maximize both short term gain and long term investment, and be more efficient as well as more humane and ethical. By confronting such a variety of contradictory forces demands the broadest set of concept and theories that your mind can grasp. Secondly, people raised question about the nature of ethical action and manager’s face when trying to act in socially and organization responsible ways. The advantages of using multiple perspective helps people aware of the assumption and values underlying your theory and practices, which in turn should make you more conscious of your reason for doing things and better able to understand the reason behind the action taken by others. Being able to reflect on your own reasoning process a nd compare them you will develop ethical awareness. Thirdly, if you learn about multiple perspective, you will be able to understand how different perspectives influence the way you and others experience by interpreting and shape organization realities. You will become a more effective member of any organization to join. Let me evaluate with the two important philosophical choices of ontology and epistemology. Ontology concerns our assumtion about reality which you don’t question whether all this things are real or have an existence undependent because of you (cited from pg12) pjilosphers sometimes refers to these as existential question because they attribute existence to one set of things(reality) but not to another (unreal). Which means that you carry out task upon your own perspective only, while you disregard other perspective. The disadvantages will be it will lead to arguments between those who maintain different perspectives and cause them to set up seperate and conflicting mates. This is a major concerns as people have been always living in their own world and never care of other people’s feeling which causes conflict around their organization and families. People experience different things as what they do everyday or even their personalities are different from other peoople we call this term subjectivist. Whereas Objectivist is different, theybelieve that what reality exist independently of those who lives in it, people also reacted to what is happening around them in predictable ways because their behaviour is part of the material world in which they live is determined by causes (cited from page 12). Example, if you are hoping to own a european car and the behaviour in which you have to work hard to pay for it is determined by wanting to own the car. Epistemology whereas is concerned with knowing how you can know. Epistemology is closely related to ontology because the anwsers to there questions depend on and help to forge assumptions about the nature of reality. This two terms determined the three major multiple perspective approach to understanding organisation. Usually the three multiple perspectives can be comparable using these two variables ontology and epistemology. Modernism is usually objectivism, you must limit commit to limiting what you count as knowledge to what you can know through your five senses. Results can be taken again if steps of the procedure is followed again using the five senses and the respective sense-enhancing devices. Modernist organization theorist also believes that if they can get whole of the complete knowledge by understanding how and why organisations function the way they do and how their function is influence by different environment conditions. Therefore to get a modernist perspective effective organisation is to being able to balace internal and external pressures, develop core competencies, increase efficiency and versertile to changes. The theories that influence modernist are general system theory, socio-technical systems theory and contingency theory. General system theory is to understand and grasp the concept of system and it characteristics of the company, which it can also mutually interrelated into parts called subsystem for easier understanding of each process. By using differentiation it provides the system with the benefits of specialization. To put into simpler terms a organisation if want to use the general system theory, that means that they will divide the units and departments and each department with the benefits of specialization. For socio-technical theory, they focus on a number of humanistic issues, by treating organisation as a social system, the social and psychological consequence of work design, the importance of the work group compared to the individual and the need for a division of labour that considers increasing rather than decreasing the variety of work skills and task. Socio-technical theory also suggest that self-managed teams should be the building blocks of organizational design and that could lessen the need for hierarchy form of organisation. Whereas for contingency theory, theorist will try to identify the key contingencies in each situation and try to determine the best fits between them, this theory have remain very popular among companies because they take seductive form of recipes for success.

Ethics in Research The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay

The field of medicine has experienced rapid growth with in the few 150 to 200 years, and over the years we have learn that many of these scientific developments were made at the expense of unorthodox procedures and research carried out with little to no concern on the unethical aspects of the research, as medical science advance the researchers place little or no effort towards informing subjects about the nature of experiments. Tuskegee syphilis experiments in Alabama was on especially an infamous experiment, from ‘‘1932 to 1972’‘ the U.S. Public Health Services (PHS) conducted an experiment on 400 African American males in the late stages of syphilis these men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, were told what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness, informed that they were being treated for â€Å"Bad Blood† their Doctors had no intention of curing them for syphilis at all. The data for the experiment was to be collected for autopsies of the men, and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphilis which can include tumors, heart disease, paralysis, blindness, insanity and death, this is the most unethical, immoral and genocidal act carried out and funded my U.S. Public Health Services. Coercion or leverage was the main tactic the PHS researchers use to recruit their test subjects, whom was poor uneducated sharecroppers that luck the resources needed to seek out side help, by misinforming the participants about the truth of their illness (syphilis), but non the less this was a means for the PHS to carry out their hidden agenda, to make them aware that they do have an illness and The U.S. Public Health Services was there to help treat them of their so call bad blood pandemic, this act of coercion provided the PHS the leverage they need to recruit necessary research subjects. Because of this the consent acquired by the researchers from the research subjects was invalid because the information provided by the researchers was subjects was invalid, this violation of inform consent stemmed further, the researchers did not explain the expectancy and severity of the research, the researchers deliberately did not inform the subjects  that they have the right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once it has begun. The spider web of lies and deception planed and carried out by The U.S. Public Health Services researchers had no plans of curing the syphilis pandemic, the deception in this research is the main underlying reason why this research study is unethical in nature, rather than the actual deception itself, the deliberate use of deception in this research resulted in the deaths of a 100 African Americans research subjects, these deaths was actually apart of the research it self. ‘’The study actively kept the men away from treatment, even after penicillin became widely used for the treatment of syphilis in 1950s. In February of 1969, the PHS decided to continue the  study and to continue to deny the men antibiotic treatment even though penicillin had become established as the standard treatment for syphilis, because it assumed that the disease was far too advanced for it to be treated. Associated Press reporter Jean Heller broke the story on July 25, 1972 on the front-page of the New York Times and the study stopped at once’’ After the research had ended the only seventy-four participants of 400 infected subjects had still been a live after the study got exposited, In August 1972, an ad hoc committee found the study to have been â€Å"ethically unjustified† and argued that penicillin should have been given to the men upon its discovery. 40 years after the experiment had ended the test subjects was not Adequate debriefed on the true nature of the study and the long-term effects of the of the syphilis on their bodies, wife and kids. After the press release of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment the test subjects was provided with little to no confidentiality from the press or PHS after the findings of the research was publish. The experiment diversity was limited to African Americans males, who were the carry of the syphilis. References William J. Clinton, â€Å"Remarks,† in Tuskegee’s Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. Susan M. Reverby (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 574-577. Thomas G. Benedek and Jonathan Erlen, â€Å"The Scientific Environment of the Tuskegee Study of Syphilis, 1920-1960, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43 no. 1 (1999), 1-30. Ad Hoc Tuskegee Syphilis Panel, â€Å"Selections from the Final Report,† in Tuskegee’s Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. Susan M. Reverby (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 166. Jean Heller, â€Å"Syphilis Victims in the U.S. Went Untreated for 40 years,† in Tuskegee’s Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. Susan M. Reverby (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 116-117. anessa N. Gamble and Deborah Stone. â€Å"U.S. Policy on Health Inequities: the Interplay of Politics and Research,† Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 31, (2006): 93-126. Ruth R. Faden, Susan E. Lederer , J. E. Lederer, and Juan D. Moreno, â€Å"U.S. Medical Researchers, the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, and the Nuremberg Code,† Journal of the American Medical Association, 276 no. 20(1996): 1668. Martin S. Pernick, â€Å"The patient’s role in medical decision making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy,† in Making Health Care Decisions: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship, President’s Commission for Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 3 1-25.

President Donald Trump on Immigration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1546 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Donald Trump Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION I. GAIN ATTENTION: What makes America great? Is it our ideals of freedom, equality, and self-government? Is it our fast-evolving technology or military? Or is it in the foundational principles we teach our children in school and at home? Our values, beliefs, or cultural diversity and the openly encouraged ideas of individualism and self-expression? Is America actually great? Were we ever truly? II. SPEECH THESIS: President Donald Trumps view of immigration is not synonymous to the foundations of America, or what is best for our country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "President Donald Trump on Immigration" essay for you Create order III. ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY: Robert F. Kennedy stated, Our attitude towards immigration reflects our faith in the American ideal. We have always believed it possible for men and women who start at the bottom to rise as far as the talent and energy allow. Neither race nor place of birth should affect their chances. BODY IV. Past A. Our Founding Fathers did not declare independence based on English nationalism, but simply to establish a peoples republic an equal standing ground. What brought the 13 colonies together into a nation was the united commitment to a moral principle, said by Thomas Jefferson that is this: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. B. This is the heart of the culture of America and synonymous to why we were founded. This idea also forms our national culture and is what makes the United States a seemingly approachable and accessible dream of not just an American citizenship, but an American identity. C. In 1858, Abraham Lincoln stated that anyone who believed in the principles laid by our Founding Fathers, who felt that the moral sentiment taught in that day evidences their relation to those mens have a right to claim it as though they were blood of the blood, and flesh of the flesh of the men who wrote that Declaration, and so they are. D. Throughout human history, blood relation has always defined belonging and not belonging. The idea that all one needed to belong was commitment to political ideals and an oath of citizenship was something unheard of in all of history, and a completely revolutionary but foreign concept. V. Present A. Immigration policy, specifically illegal immigration to the United States, was the signature point of focus for President Donald Trumps 2016 presidential campaign. Donald Trump promised that if he was elected President of the United States, he would end all illegal immigrant access to our country, specifically by building a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico, and he still stands by that promise today. The problem with this is, instead of solely focusing on illegal immigration, President Donald Trump is trying to tackle immigration as a whole. According to an article written by The New York Times, the President has regularly smeared [all] immigrants as terrorists and criminals. (Trumps Backward View of Immigration. The New York Times. 2018) This stereotype could not be any farther from the truth. While this is true for few immigrants, most do not have a negative impact on our country or its economy. They are denied citizenship simply for trying to seek a better life. Those that achieve their dream of something greater than where they come from end up being entrepreneurs and small business owners that help our economy rather than hurt it. B. During an October rally, Donald Trump stated, You know what I am? Im a nationalist. When discerning President Trumps brand of nationalism, we see that there is nothing truly American about it. He never speaks on the ideals expressed in the language of our Founding Fathers liberty, rights, equality, freedom, democracy, justice and he clearly never speaks on fulfilling what our Founders promised would ultimately make American great for all. His idea is derived from one thing alone the power of winning. He chooses to blame foreigners for our countrys problems and insists that removing them is the only solution and ultimate win for America. C. This has led to the worrying reality that he has not offered any reliable solutions to Americas real issues, and his desire to defeat has resulted in dismissal of our countrys foundational values. His focus, solutions, and resources disproportionately remain on protectionism of foreign imports, corporate outsourcing, and immigrant labor by using strategies that have negatively impacted our country in the past. He disregards our American principles, and stirs only hatred, anger, and ill-driven passion. As a result of this, many hate groups and white nationalists, who see themselves as the only ones with the right background to be real Americans, have gravitated towards President Donald Trumps campaign. A number of controversial policies have been put into place during President Trumps presidency so far, and he has targeted programs to better the immigration process, including asylum protections overturned, separating families at the border, phasing out Temporary Protected Status (TPS), H-1B visa restrictions, the lowest level of extended family visa restrictions in more than 10 years, rescinding Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), the border wall, and his process of moving forward to revoke President Barack Obamas Dream Act. An article written for The New York Times states that President Donald Trump has a nativist, zero-sum view that what is good for immigrants is bad for America. That view runs counter not just to the best of American tradition and principles, but to evidence of whats best for the country. (Trumps Backward View of Immigration. The New York Times. 2018) VI. Future A. According to President Donald Trump in a 2009 speech, They say all men are created equal. [But] its not true. Some people are born very smart, and some people are born not so smart. Tangibly he is correct, but ultimately, he is missing the true meaning of the Declaration of Independence: that all people have the same moral worth, natural rights, and are entitled to equal citizenship and treatment under Americas law. B. The Presidents nationalist program will not achieve its long-term security, and it throws away Americas dearest ideals in favor of gaining power by beating everyone on the world scale, particularly immigrants, foreigners, and partners of abroad trade instead of finding a common ground and working together. C. There are several ways to improve and update the immigration process in order to better protect our country, and to make the process easier for people who are simply searching for a better life: More visas. Better monitoring of immigration to ensure the safety of our country and also to improve the economy. D. America is great for many reasons: freedom, opportunity, democratic process, celebration of expression, cultural diversity, technological advances, and much more. E. In our history, America was great for many reasons: when we gave back all the lands we liberated in World War 2, and when we spent billions of dollars to save Europe from Soviet communism and rebuild it. We were great before becoming the rich and powerful nation we are today: when we declared equality for all people in 1776 and made steps in 1865 to the ending of slavery and guarantee of complete civil rights in the 1960s. F. As a continuation of that, we will need a leader who does not base his thoughts solely on victories, defeats, and humiliations. We will need a leader who is smart. Realistic. Strategic. Diplomatic but bold. Someone who has a true love for this country and who recognizes our founding principles and moral ideals, as well as their central importance in allowing us a national pride that is uniquely our own in the world. A pride that is for everyone, regardless of race, color, ethnicity, gender, background, religion, political standpoint, or any other differences. G. If our nation were to stop believing in those founding principles, we would cease to truly be America. CONCLUSION A. If you believe in our countrys foundation, in celebrating a world of pride in diversity and culture, and that America was already great before President Donald Trumps immigration reform, the steps you take toward action will be what drastically reshapes our country into what it was always meant to be. George Washington once said, I had always hoped that this land might become a safe and agreeable asylum to the virtuous and persecuted part of mankind, to whatever nation they might belong. I encourage all of you to go out and vote. Educate yourselves on policies and real facts, and research them for yourselves instead of relying on the news or other people to do it for you. If you know someone who is an immigrant, talk to them and hear their story, because it may change some of your opinions. I agree with views from both the Republican and Democratic party. I believe there are things that need to be changed regarding our immigration process. That is why I urge all of you to vote, not for a specific party because that is what you have grown up identifying with, but for the person. Listen to each individual person running and vote for what you feel is right. You may not think that your voice matters, but it does. Your one vote could be what turns the tables of our government.