Pulp Fiction Review essays

Mash Fiction Review expositions Quentin Tarantinos 1994 film industry hit Pulp Fiction made another classification: film noir with the mockery and thwarted expectation of the 90s. Base circumstances and maggot characters some way or another don't put on a show of being emotional and stunning, yet rather as conventional and reasonable. Tarantino, a self-educated, once video store agent, has made a film not founded on reality yet dependent on film. Mash Fiction is a whimsical glance at common film prosaisms, going from the hazardous existence of a mobster to the returning of an energetic war legend. While Pulp Fiction is just periodically roar with laughter entertaining, a smile stays painted on the lips of its watchers all through the span of the more than two hour film. The exceptional by one way or another gets standard and the customary by one way or another appears to be wrong. Maybe it is the disregard with which Tarantino approaches tranquilize use and viciousness that has insulted such a significant number of individuals, yet alternately, it is that equivalent easygoing nature that makes the film bereft of judgment and in this manner attracts individuals to it. The screenplay, composed by Tarantino and Roger Avary, is speedy and clever. Activity is padded by exchange, and even without activity, the discourse is sufficiently able to remain all alone. The most charming chitchat happens between sorted out wrongdoing accomplices, Jules and Vincent Vega. Vincent Vega, played by John Travolta, is a benevolent contract killer who, regardless of his haughtiness, for the most part messes things up. Travolta gives a heavenly presentation, making a presumptuous, moderately aged hooligan appear to be innocuous, beguiling, and strangely loveable. Samuel L. Jackson is given a role as Vincent Vegas better half, Jules. Jackson conveys his lines with an unfaltering certainty and Shaft-style perfection. Lines which might appear to be over-the-top, through the help of Jacksons stunning screen nearness, seem to be threatening and quite cool. Causing it to appear satisfactory, in any case fundamental that Jules should... <!

An Overview of the Top Awards and Honors for Economists

An Overview of the Top Awards and Honors for Economists As anyone might expect, the most renowned honor that a living financial specialist can get is the Nobel Prize in Economics, granted by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Prize is, from numerous points of view, a lifetime accomplishment grant, notwithstanding the way that its regularly granted to financial analysts a long time before they resign. Since 2001, the prize itself has been 10 million Swedish kronor, which is proportional to between $1 million and $2 million, contingent upon the conversion scale. The Nobel Prize can be part among numerous people, and prizes in financial aspects have been shared by up to three individuals in a given year. (At the point when a prize is shared, it is commonly the situation that the champs fields of study share a typical topic.) Winners of the Nobel Prize are called Nobel Laureates, since in old Greece tree wreaths were utilized as an indication of triumph and respect. In fact talking, the Nobel Prize in Economics is certainly not a genuine Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prizes were built up in 1895 by Alfred Nobel (upon his passing) in the classifications of material science, science, writing, medication and harmony. The financial matters prize is really named the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel and was built up and supplied by Sveriges Riksbank, Swedens national bank, in 1968 on the banks 300th commemoration. This differentiation is generally immaterial from a commonsense point of view, since the prize sums and the designation and determination forms are the equivalent for the Economics prize concerning the first Nobel Prizes. The main Nobel Prize in Economics was granted in 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian financial analysts Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch. Numerous financial analysts have been granted from that point forward. Just a single lady, Elinor Ostrom in 2009, has won a Nobel Prize in Economics. The most lofty prize granted explicitly to an American business analyst (or a least a financial analyst working in the United States at that point) is the John Bates Clark Medal. The John Bates Clark Medal is granted by the American Economic Association to whom it considers to be the most cultivated as well as promising financial analyst younger than forty. The primary John Bates Clark Medal was granted in 1947 to Paul Samuelson, and, while the decoration used to be granted each other year, it has been granted in April of consistently since 2009. On account of the age limitation and the renowned idea of the honor, its lone common that numerous financial experts who win the John Bates Clark Medal later proceed to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. Actually, around 40 percent of John Bates Clark Medal champs have proceeded to win the Nobel Prize, regardless of the way that the primary Nobel Prize in Economics wasnt granted until 1969. (Paul Samuelson, the principal John Bates Clark Medal beneficiary, won only the subsequent Nobel Prize in Economics, granted in 1970.) One other honor that conveys a ton of weight in the financial matters world is the MacArthur Fellowship, also called a virtuoso award. This honor is conceded by the John D. what's more, Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, which declares by and large somewhere in the range of 20 and 30 beneficiaries every year. 850 champs have been picked between June 1981 and September 2011, and every victor gets a no surprises cooperation of $500,000, paid out quarterly over a five-year time span. The MacArthur Fellowship is remarkable in various manners. To start with, the selecting board of trustees searches out individuals in a wide assortment of fields as opposed to concentrating on a specific region of study or aptitude. Second, the partnership is granted to people who display an ability to do imaginative and important work and is in this way an interest in future outcomes as opposed to just a compensation for past accomplishment. Third, the naming procedure is clandestine and champs are ignorant that they are significantly getting looked at until they get a call disclosing to them that theyve won. As indicated by the establishment, over twelve market analysts (or financial matters related social researchers) have won MacArthur Fellowships, starting with Michael Woodford in the debut year. Curiously, six MacArthur Fellows (starting at 2015) - Esther Duflo, Kevin Murphy, Matthew Rabin, Emmanuel Saez, Raj Chetty, and Roland Fryer-have additionally won the John Bates Clark Medal. Notwithstanding there being noteworthy cover among the beneficiaries of these three honors, no market analyst has accomplished the triple crown of financial matters yet.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 15, 2020

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for February 15, 2020 Sponsored by Random House. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics by Donna Brazile, Yolanda Caraway, Minyon Moore, Leah D. Daughtry, Veronica Chambers for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Paperback Crush: The Totally Radical History of 80s and 90s Teen Fiction bv Gabrielle Moss for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Alex Eliza by Melissa de la Cruz for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Dusk or Dark or Dawn or  Day  by Seanan McGuire for $3.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Unbroken by  Laura Hillenbrand for for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Cooking Gene  by Michael W. Twitty for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): A Duke by Default by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Lady Killers by  Tori Telfer for $1.99 Symptoms of a Heartbreak by  Sona Charaipotra for $2.99 Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors by  Sonali Dev for $1.99 Get a Life, Chloe Brown by  Talia Hibbert for $2.99 The Wolf Gift by Anne Rice for $2.99 The Island of Sea Women by  Lisa See for $2.99 Mycroft Holmes by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Anna Waterhouse for $1.99 Sometimes I Lie by  Alice Feeney for $2.99 When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing by  Daniel H. Pink for $1.99 Little by  Edward Carey for $1.99 I Am Half-Sick of Shadows by  Alan Bradley for $1.99 The Right Swipe by  Alisha Rai for $1.99 Jade City by Fonda Lee for $2.99 The Hollow of Fear by  Sherry Thomas for $1.99 Her Royal Highness by  Rachel Hawkins for $1.99 Invisible by Stephen L. Carter for $3.99 The Vanished Bride by Bella Ellis for $1.99 Truly, Madly, Royally by Debbie Rigaud for $1.99 I’m Judging You by Luvvie Ajayi for $2.99 The Mysterious Affair at Styles by Agatha Christie for $2.99 The Deep by Rivers Solomon, Daveed Diggs, William Hutson, and Jonathan Snipes for $1.99 Half-Blood Blues by Esi Edugyan for $3.99 Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $3.99 A Girl Like That by Tanaz Bhathena  $2.99 The Diviners by Libba Bray for $2.99 Conversations with Myself by Nelson Mandela for $3.99 One Good Earl Deserves a Lover by Sarah McLean for $3.99 I Love You So Mochi by Sarah Kuhn for $1.99 Bring Up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel for $3.99 Tangerine by  Christine Mangan for $2.99 Wicked Saints by  Emily A. Duncan for $2.99 No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts for $2.99 Monsoon Mansion by Cinelle Barnes  for $0.99 The Sellout by Paul Beatty for $3.99 I Am, I Am, I Am: Seventeen Brushes With Death by Maggie OFarrell for $4.99 The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay  by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things  by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

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A Report On The Cyber Security Triad - 1133 Words

Look at your nightly news: nearly every week another major business and sector are targeted- and breached- by cyber attackers that are intent on economic theft and/or operational disruption. Just a few years ago, industrial control system (ICS) operators could never have imagined the malicious attacks cyber adversaries are executing DAILY. The New Reality is clear: technical sophistication of attacks can only be offset by a sound defense-in-depth approach. ICS systems thrive on availability more than confidentiality and integrity (the â€Å"Cyber Security Triad†) which enables the accurate and efficient control of power system assets. Attacks can be directed at either specific electrical systems or common systems owned by multiple asset†¦show more content†¦By concentrating on our infrastructure and the associated vulnerabilities, then we can mitigate threats using Best Practices to correct exploitable vulnerabilities. However, a new breed of threat has emerged: the Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). While future versions of CIP Standards are beginning to address APTs, many entities are not waiting for their defense to be â€Å"mandated† by law. Many entities are preparing by improving their ability to detect threat patterns and designing improved threat response and mitigation. The investment in prevention, detection and correction of cyber threats has emerged as a major governance goal of most power generation and transmission entities. A Defense-in-Depth approach is a multi-layered strategy and tactical assault on the threat vectors facing both the Information Technology (IT) side of the business and the Operational Technology (OT) side. This approach must be coordinated and aligned to achieve significant vulnerability reduction. To begin with, facilities must implement an achievable process that will enlist the support of every team member from the CEO to the operators. This starts with a Cyber Security Plan. Step One- Asset Management: Identification of Data, Devices and Systems It is crucial to understand your cyber environment: hardware, software, operating systems, storage, etc. Attackers frequently take advantage of system hardware that has been

Abolishing the Death Penalty Thesis Free Essays

Abolishing the Death Penalty October 18, 2010 Abolishing the Death Penalty The death penalty has been an active force in the United States for decades. In the early history of our country, public executions were quite popular. Thousands have been executed with the majority occurring in the early twentieth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Abolishing the Death Penalty Thesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now But public sentiment towards the executions began to wane as the concepts of basic human rights were being developed throughout the century. As a result, a kind of unofficial moratorium was placed on all executions while several Supreme Court cases were taking place to determine the legality of the punishment. The result of the cases actually made the death penalty illegal as it stood, so several states rewrote their laws, being more specific as to the circumstances as to which the penalty can be applied. The Supreme Court reversed its decision and those states that met the new compliance could reinstate the death penalty. Today, it is legal to execute death row prisoners in all but fifteen states. While it may be legal, it still holds that the death penalty has not and cannot accomplish the task that it has been reinstated to fulfill. Part I: Thesis The death penalty should be abolished for a variety of reasons. Initially, the death penalty has long been held to be inherently unjust. It is considered unjust in relation to its application, unjust as to the type of punishment utilized and unjust as a punishment at all. It has and continues to be argued in court that the executions amount to what is considered cruel and unusual punishment and so barbaric that it should be done away with as a type of punishment. It is a sad but true statement to say that the United States is one of the last democratic nations to continue to utilize the death penalty. Our country has wavered back in forth on the issue of capital punishment being illegal and a breach of human rights. Additionally, even while continuing to use the death penalty it has not shown to be a deterrent of crime and actually may increase it. Opponents of the death penalty also recognize that it has not been applied fairly. For instance, minorities, the poor, and the mentally disabled tend to receive the death penalty with far greater consistency than their counterparts. That cannot be a punishment representative of a great industrialized country. Those against the death penalty also recognize the cost involved with executing a prisoner. To actually take a death row inmate through the complete appellate system, so as to ensure the inmate’s guilt without any doubt, would cost exponentially more than housing the same inmate for the duration of their life. The monies saved could be better served if used towards something positive, like victim’s programs or the like. Lastly, the death penalty is a punishment that is irrevocable; its effects are permanent and there is the sad reality that innocent lives may be lost. There is no perfect system and mistakes are bound to be made. This is one mistake, however, that cannot be corrected. This is why the death penalty cannot be the United States’ answer for grave offenders of the law. Part II: Anti-Thesis Proponents of the death penalty are large in number. According to many polls, as many as 80% of the American population still favor capital punishment. One reason for this is society as a whole believes that if a person kills another person, the killer forfeits his right to his own life. (Christie, 1990). If a person shows such complete and utter disregard for human life, the question is posed, why should any regard be shown for the person? Also, those in favor of using the death penalty argue that it is a just punishment for the crime and it is reliable. After all, though some states are trying to punish people with death for other heinous crimes, such as rape and repeat child molestation, so far the death penalty can only be imposed on murder cases. As far as the reliability argument, supporters will always point out that because of the thoroughness in applying and appealing death penalty cases, the process itself will weed out the innocent and wrongly convicted. Proponents of the death penalty also view it as a deterrent to crime. â€Å"Same old†, 1990). Just by having the possible punishment of death as an end result to a heinous crime has lowered the murder rate in some states. The feeling is that the more executions you have, the lower the homicide rate you will have. Not to mention the innocent lives you will save. Supporters of capital punishment will cite studies showing that murderers who are allowed to live will inevitably kill again. Studies have shown that murderers awaiting their death penalty sentence to be carried out have killed correction officers, knowing there could be no additional fate assigned to them. Another argument made in favor of the death penalty is one of Biblical proportions. There are some activists that say the Bible itself proclaims the right to execute a perpetrator of the most serious of crimes by quoting a scripture from Leviticus 24:20 – â€Å"†¦fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. As he has injured the other, so he is to be injured. † The old adage has not been lost on those who feel that it is their God given right to enforce the laws that God has given them regarding the taking of a human life. Gray, 2010) Lastly, many supporters of capital punishment feel that it is appropriate to give a punishment that fits the crime and one that is universal. It doesn’t matter a person’s color, race, creed, ethnicity, nationality, gender, or financial status; if two people, one white and one â€Å"non-white†, commit the exact same crime under the exact same circumstances, they in fact should receive the exact same punishm ent. It is believed that the death penalty, when applied under the circumstance of murder in the first degree with aggravating circumstances, is the great equalizer, with everyone being treated the same in the eyes of the law. Part III: Synthesis It is important that the United States realizes, sooner than later, that the death penalty has to be abolished. Proponents want us to think that a killer forfeits his own life. But the reality is all life is precious, regardless of its form or merit. (Thomson, 2001). Although someone has taken a life, and in no way should that be trivialized, it does not change that situation by killing the offender. All it does is show that two wrongs do not make a right. The execution of the murderer does not bring the victim back to life. Quite frankly, the death penalty often provides a way out for the offender and if punishment was the true desire of the sentence then there are situations, other than execution that may be far more punitive than the taking of his or her life. (Thomson, 2001). When it comes to reliability, the argument on behalf of the death penalty doesn’t hold up to scrutiny. Yes, it is true that the exhaustive appeals process does on occasion help to find innocent people who have been convicted of murder. This is largely due to the relatively new innovation of DNA technology as it relates to crime scene investigation. (Gzedit, 2010). Well, if anything, this proves the fallibility of the death penalty process. If over 131 death row inmates could be exonerated and released from death row, that shows just how faulty the system is and proves it is unreliable. Again, as stated previously, once a prisoner has been executed, there is no returning from the grave to say a mistake has been made. At least if the inmate was serving a life sentence and found innocent, they could be released, although still wronged by a jail sentence, but it is a correctable injustice. One of the main arguments in favor of the death penalty is that it serves as a deterrent to serious crime. Would it surprise you to know that this simply is not true? It is a proven fact that the death penalty has not demonstrably deterred crime. (â€Å"Same old†, 1990). The 2004 Uniform Crime Report that was published by the FBI published that Southern states demonstrated the highest murder rate in the country, despite being responsible for 85% of the nation’s executions. (Friedman, 2006, p. 37). As further evidence that the death penalty doesn’t deter crime I introduce you to the state of Texas which has been nicknamed the â€Å"killing machine† because they tend to exercise the death penalty frequently and rapidly. Even with capital punishment Texas has a disturbing murder rate of 5. 6 per 100,000 persons s opposed to Massachusetts, which banned executions and only has a murder rate of 2. 6. (Gzedit, 2010). As for the idea that people who kill once develop an appetite to kill again, there have been no definitive studies that prove this theory. This mindset is based on gut reaction, conjecture, and hysteria. Perhaps one of the most controversial arguments in favor of the death penalty is the interpreted law given by God to exact the same punishment on the criminal as was forced upon the victim. Supporters of this notion quote scripture from the Holy Bible as a sort of guideline to follow. However the Bible also has scripture that specifically refutes the idea of the death penalty as retribution for man to man. For example, Matthew 5:38-39 insists that violence shall not beget violence. James 4:12 says that God is the only one who can take a life in the name of justice. Leviticus 19:18 warns against vengeance (which, really, is what the death penalty amounts to). In John 8:7, Jesus himself says, â€Å"let he who is without sin cast the first stone. This is truly what Jesus would do! Finally, proponents of the death penalty exclaim that executions are given with perfect exactness according to the crime, without regard to race, color, creed, nationality, etc†¦ , basically saying without bias. However, many different studies have show that the likelihood of you receiving the death penalty increases according to those very attributes. People of color are more likely than t heir white counterparts to receive the death penalty for committing the same crime under the same circumstances. Also, blacks that murder white victims are far likelier to end up on death row than whites killing blacks. Furthermore, studies show that prosecutors are more likely to seek the death penalty against blacks than they will for whites who commit the same crime. (Friedman, 2006, pp. 86-89). So much for all being equal under the law! So, as you see, we are a country somewhat divided. While the majority of Americans still favour the idea of using the death penalty, it has become an increasingly more controversial subject. The United States always holds its head up high as the leader of the free world and is quick to condemn other countries with regards to their human rights violations. How then can we continue to justify our use of this antiquated, archaic method of punishment? It is time that our country steps in line with the rest of the industrialized countries into the 21st century and do away with the death penalty once and for all. References Gzedit. (2010, January 27). Pro-death: :America alone. The Charleston Gazette,A. 4. Retrieved October 13, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. Document ID: 1948771421). Christie, J. (1990, March 29). At Last, Punishment Fits the Crime Death penalty: It has wide support because ordinary citizens identify with media images of brutalized victims :[Home Edition]. Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext),p. 7. Retrieved October 13, 2010, from Los Angeles Times. (Document ID: 60026222). Friedman, L. (2006). The death penalty. Greenhaven Press Gray, L. (4   November). Houston Chronicle Lisa Gray column: Life, death and the prodigal son. McClatchy – Tribune Business News. Retrieved October 19, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID:  1893533451). Same old anti-crime hype. (1990, October 15). Milwaukee Journal,p. a06. Retrieved October 13, 2010, from ProQuest Central. (Document ID: 64063217). Thomson, R. (2001, June 18). A consistent pro-life stance rules out the death penal ty :[SARASOTA Edition]. Sarasota Herald Tribune,p. BS1. Retrieved October 13, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 74204727). How to cite Abolishing the Death Penalty Thesis, Papers

Variation Orders in Highway Projects in Oman- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theVariation Orders in Highway Projects in Oman. Answer: The type of the variation order can be established by analyzing the cause of their occurrence and their respective effects. Variation orders can be divided in to two types and they are beneficial and the detrimental orders. The issue of the beneficial order is done to ensure improvement in the quality, cost reduction, degree of difficulty and the standard of the project. The balance between the functionality, cost and the durability of the project is obtained by initiating a value analysis (Han, Love and Pea-Mora 2013). This type of variation order is issued to reduce the unnecessary cost involved in the project. Detrimental variation order has a negative impact on the value of the client and project performance. The financial problems of a client can be resolved by using detrimental variation order. Causes of variation orders by client The project is initiated by the client and plays an important part throughout the project. The client is the one who decides on the objective and the respective needs of the project. The quality standard of the project is determined as per the requirement of the client. The variation has to be reduced by the client during the construction and the design of the project. The scope of the project is very important as it helps to identify the clear baseline for the project (Kikwasi 2013). Moreover, there are two types of clients, one who has the knowledge regarding the construction industry and others are the clients who have minimal knowledge regarding the construction industry. These clients are totally dependent on their designer and so it is necessary to identify the exact needs of the client. The clients who do not have any knowledge regarding the industry are the ones who frequently change the variation order are they keep on changing the requirements through the commencement of th e project. Moreover, the changes proposed by these clients will be major, it will result in the degradation in the quality of the project, and at the same time will increase the cost of the project (Mubarak 2015). Causes of variation orders by consultant Architects, specialists, designers, engineers, cost consultants and project managers are the members of the consultant team. The goals and the scope of the project have to be clearly understood by the consultants. The consultants will always feel superior to the contractors, which may result to less focus on the request of the contractor (Mohammad, Ani and Rakmat 2017). When the consultants are unable to understand clearly the needs and requirement of the client, it will result in variation orders, which will be issued in context to the requirement of the clients. The consultants may be unaware of the availability of new products and materials which could act as a replacement and this may lead to a variation order which will be issued to give the project a better method of construction. Causes of variation orders by contractors Contractors are responsible for the issue of the variation order when there are technical issues in the documentation of the project. The information provided is not fully accurate all the time and it may happen that the contractor suggests appropriate method for the better execution of the project (Mohammed, Mohammed and Hassan 2017). Contactors may suggest alternate method, which are suitable for the execution of the project in their field of expertise. Moreover, the contractors may identify various omissions, discrepancies, conflicts and errors in the documentation of the project. The contractors may request an issue of a variation order to resolve the issue by allotting additional cost to the project. Causes of variation order by external factors There are various external factors, which cause the issue of the variation order, and they are change in the government regulation, changes in weather, changes in economic condition and changes in the needs of the local resident. There are instances where the government policies and regulations change which cause the change in the construction design and other factors (Senouci et al. 2016). Variation order has to be issued to make changes to the documentation of the project. There are instances when extreme weather conditions such as rain can hamper the construction and measures have to be taken to reschedule the construction and documentation of the project. The economic scenario may change due to instances such as corruption. When anyone in the project is involved in corruption, variation order will have to be issued so that the documentation has to be changed. The corruption may be in the field of money laundering which will cause the change in the entire cost of the project. The requirement of the client has to be fulfilled and the changes in the documentation have to be done to meet the needs of the client. The management team will have to be changed if anyone is involved in the fraud and will have to be removed immediately as a best interest of the client (Hanif et al. 2016). There are instances where the construction will cause issues for the residents in the neighbouring areas and the management team will have to change their course of action to accommodate the needs of the nearby residents. Impact of variation order The various impact of the variation orders are cost overruns, quality degradation and time overruns. The issue of the variation order will have always have an impact on the cost of the project. The changes will increase the cost associated with overall construction of the project and the costs that are associated with the variation orders are material and time charges, standing time, effect of timing, change of inflation to cash flow and time of management (Oyewobi et al. 2016). There are variation orders, which are issued at different phases of the project, and this will negatively affect both the time of completion and overall cost of the project. The issue of frequent variation orders will degrade the quality of the project as the contractors will try to compensate the extra time and cost incurred by degrading the quality of the project. Reference Han, S., Love, P. and Pea-Mora, F., 2013. A system dynamics model for assessing the impacts of design errors in construction projects.Mathematical and Computer Modelling,57(9), pp.2044-2053. Hanif, H., Khurshid, M.B., Lindhard, S.M. and Aslam, Z., 2016. Impact of Variation Orders on Time and Cost in Mega Hydropower Projects of Pakistan.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,21(2), p.37. Kikwasi, G., 2013, February. Causes and effects of delays and disruptions in construction projects in Tanzania. InAustralasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building-Conference Series(Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 52-59). Mohammad, N., Ani, A.I.C. and Rakmat, R.A.O., 2017. Causes and effects of variation orders in the construction of terrace housing projects: A case study in the State of Selangor, Malaysia.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,6(1), pp.226-232. Mohammed, E.A.E., Mohammed, S.Y. and Hassan, A.S., 2017. Preliminary Investigation on the Causes of Variation Orders in Building Projects-Studied Cases in the State of Khartoum, Sudan. Mubarak, S.A., 2015.Construction project scheduling and control. John Wiley Sons. Oyewobi, L.O., Oyewobi, L.O., Jimoh, R., Jimoh, R., Ganiyu, B.O., Ganiyu, B.O., Shittu, A.A. and Shittu, A.A., 2016. Analysis of causes and impact of variation order on educational building projects.Journal of Facilities Management,14(2), pp.139-164. Senouci, A., Alsarraj, A., Gunduz, M. and Eldin, N., 2016. Analysis of change orders in Qatari construction projects.International Journal of Construction Management, pp.1-13.